Gilman wrote this story (published in 1892) about five years after her own emotional breakdown, following the birth of her first child. She was diagnosed as neurasthenic and sent to S. (Silas) Weir Mitchell, who prescribed the "rest cure." (See Fat and Blood: An Essay on the Treatment of Certain Forms of Neurasthenia and Hysteria, which summarizes Mitchell's treatise on the subject.)

In this story the unnamed first-person narrator descends from neurasthenia into insanity during the course of her enforced rest (imprisonment) in a bedroom with yellow wallpaper. At first she speaks with a perky and optimistic voice, dwelling on the view from her room and the interesting associations she finds in the wallpaper's pattern. She has little or no emotional support. Her husband thinks that there is no reason for her to be suffering; it's just a case of "nerves."

As time goes on, she comes under the hallucinatory power of the figure in the wallpaper. Eventually the narrator decompensates to the point of crawling around the room on hands and knees, and stripping the paper, first with her hands, then with her teeth. Her husband faints when he comes in and sees her doing this.