Adam and Eve are examples of a humanist conception of the body. They are endowed with autonomy and dignity, and their forms reflect Dürer's ideal of beauty. The scene is Dürer's interpretation of the Genesis story of Adam and Eve's rebellion and fall from their created perfection.

According to St. Augustine, this rebellion--signified in the eating of the forbidden fruit--resulted in the hereditary curse on humankind (Original Sin), manifesting itself in sin (especially lust), aging, sickness and death. Before the fall, man and woman were in harmony with each other, and all nature peaceful and without threat.

Dürer's choice of the moment of the Fall allows him to foretell the loss, while experimenting with his ideal of physical perfection. This experiment fits with his scientific interests in measurement, mathematics, and proportion. An interesting paradox is present in the engraving. Although Adam and Eve should not yet feel sexual shame, Dürer modestly positions them behind leafy branches which cover their genitalia.