Syllabi: SURG 5884S HISTORY OF MEDICINE 2000-2001

INSTRUCTORS: Jonathon Erlen, Ph.D. (PHONE: 648-8927); email:erlen@pitt.edu Thomas Benedek, M.D.

ENROLLMENT: Medical Student/Senior Year/Elective

LOCATION: History of Medicine Room, Falk Library of the Health Sciences

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:

REQUIRED TEXTS:

• Conrad, Lawrence, I., et. al., eds. The Western Medical Tradition 800 BC to AD 1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

• Duffy, John., From Humors to Medical Science: A History of American Medicine. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.

• Rothman, David J.; Marcus, Steven; and Kiceluk, Stephanie A., eds. Medicine and Western Civilization. New Burnswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1995.

• Booklet of readings provided by Dr. Erlen.

REQUIRED VIEWING:

Scarborough, John. "Doctors and Medicine: From Homer to Vesalius." Housed in the MMC, Falk Library. (must be viewed prior to second seminar session). Other videotapes are available for specific sessions-check with Dr. Erlen for appropriate titles.

REQUIRED ASSIGNMENTS:

Each student is responsible for purchasing the 3 required texts listed above for this elective and reading the appropriate sections from these texts prior to each class session. Each student is responsible for turning in a minimum of three typed questions at the beginning of each discussion session. These questions are to be based on the assigned readings and topics for that specific seminar session. Each student is required to write a 6-10 typed, double spaced page research paper on any history of medicine subject jointly agreed upon by the student and either Drs. Benedek or Erlen. These papers must demonstrate effective use of both primary and secondary literature (translations are secondary sources) and be turned in two days before the end of the elective for the students to receive credit for this elective. Students have to attend all seven in-class seminar sessions and actively participate in the in-class discussions. If a student misses any session they must turn in an additional 10 typed page report analyzing the reading assignments for the missed session. Students are also required to attend all additional programs assigned during their elective block, i.e., meetings of the C. F. Reynolds Medical History Society and Medicine Grand Rounds when appropriate.

HISTORY OF MEDICINE WEBSITES:

• Medical History on the Internet

• History of the Health Sciences World Wide Web Links

• National Library of Medicine: History of Medicine Division

• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/locatorplus/

• History of Science Society

• American Association for the History of Medicine

• American Osler Society

• Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine

• European Association for the History of Medicine and Health

• History Computerization Project

• Internet Resources in History

• History of Science/Science Studies Reference Sources

• WWW Virtual Library for the History of Science, Technology & Medicine

• National Library of Medicine: Images from the History of Medicine

• Library of Congress: American Memory

COUSE OUTLINE:

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE-ANCIENT PERIOD AND THE CONCEPT OF DISEASE

Specialty Teaching Faculty: Richard Siderits, M.D.; Bruce Rothschild, M.D.

Assigned Reading

• Majno, Guido. The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975. Chapters 1-4, 8.

• Scurlock. JoAnn. "Physician, exorcist, conjurer, magician: A tale of two healing professions." In Mesopotamian Magic Textual, Historical, and Interpretative Perspectives, Pp. 69-79.

• Hudson, Robert P. Disease and Its Control: The Shaping of Modern Thought. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983. Chapters 1, 3-4.

• Hippocrates. "The nature of man." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 43-47

• Hippocrates. "The Sacred Disease." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 139-144.

• Conrad, Lawrence, et al. The Western Medical Tradition. Chapter 1.

2. THE BROAD SCOPE OF THE HISTORY OF MEDICINE-GALEN THROUGH THE RENAISSANCE

Specialty Teaching Faculty: Carey Balaban, Ph.D.

Assigned Reading:

• Majno, Guido. The Healing Hand: Man and Wound in the Ancient World. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975. Chapters 9-10.

• Park, Katharine. "Medicine and society in medieval Europe, 500-1500." in Andrew Wear, ed. Medicine in Society: Historical Essays. Pp. 59-90.

• McVaugh, Michael R. "Bedside manners in the Middle Ages." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1997 (71): 201-223.

• "The problem of leprosy." in Medieval English Medicine. Stanley Rubin, pp. 150-171.

• Renouard, Yves. "The Black Death as a major event in world history." in The Black Death: A Turning Point in History?. William M. Bowsky, ed. pp. 25-34.

• "The plague in a Medieval village." in The Black Death. Philip Ziegler, pp. 202-223.

• Galen. "The hand." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 17-22.

• Arnald of Villanova. "On the precautions that physicians must observe." in Medicine and Wesern Civilization. Pp. 269-273.

• Vesalius, Andreas. "The Fabric of the Human Body." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 54-60.

• Harvey, William. "An anatomical study on the motion of the heart and the blood in animals." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 68-75.

• Conrad, Lawrence, et al. The Western Medical Tradition. Chapters 2-5.

3. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION

Specialty Teaching Faculty: Thomas Benedek, M.D.; Carey Balaban, Ph.D.

Assigned Reading

• Reiser, Stanley J. Medicine and The Reign of Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.

• Grouse, Lawrence D. "Has the machine become the physician?" JAMA October 14, 1983 (250): 1891.

• Davis, Audrey B. Medicine and Its Technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1981, pp. 61-85.

• Cushing, Harvey. "On routine determination of arterial tension in operating room and clinic." in Howell, Joel, ed. Technology and American Medical Practice 1880-1930. New York: Garland, 1988, pp. 47-53.

• Murphy, Fred T. "Report on blood-pressure observations at the Massachusetts General Hospital." in Howell, Joel, ed. Technology and American Medical Practice 1880-1930. New York: Garland, 1988, pp. 54-62.

• Howell, Joel D. Technology in the Hospital: Transforming Patient Care in the Early Twentieth Century. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995. pp. 227-249.

• Burney, Frances. "A mastectomy (1811)." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 383-389.

• Lennec, Rene. "A treatise on diseases of the chest and on mediate auscultation." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 310-313.

• Bernard, Claude. "An introduction to the study of experimental medicine." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 314-318.

• Lister, Joseph. "On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 247-252.

• Pasteur, Louis. "On the extension of the germ theory to the etiology of certain common diseases." in Medicine and Western Civilization. Pp. 253-257.

• Conrad, Lawrence, et al. The Western Medical Tradition. Chapters 6-7.

4. AMERICAN EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH

Special Teaching Faculty: William Gauss, M.D.; Emmanuel Vergis, M.D.; John Uribe, M.D.

Reading Assignment

• Blake, John B. "The inoculation controversy in Boston, 1721-1722." in Sickness and Health in America, 1985, pp. 347-355.

• Chadwick, Edwin. "Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain." in Medicine and Western Civilization. in Pp. 217-239.

• Warren, B. S.; and Sydenstricker, Edgar. "The relation of wages to the public health." First printed in American Journal of Public Health, 1918(8): 883-887. American Journal of Public Health, 1999(89): 1641-1644.

• Winslow, Charles E. A. "Public health at the crossroads." First printed in American Journal of Public Health, 1926(16): 1075-1085. American Journal of Public Health, 1999(89): 1645-1648.

• White, Kenneth A. . "Pittsburgh in the great epidemic of 1918." Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine 1985 (68): 221-242.

• Mullan, Fitzhugh. "Don Quixote, Machiavelli, and Robin Hood: Public health practice, past and present." American Journal of Public Health, 2000, 90(5): 702-706.

• Brandt, Allan M.; Gardner, Martha. "Antagonism and accommodation: Interpreting the relationship between public health and medicine in the United States during the 20th century." American Journal of Public Health, 2000, 90(5): 707-715.

• The History of AIDS. http://www.avert.org/his81_86.htm

• Mellors, John W. "Treatment of HIV-1 infection: progress and challenges." Outline of Medicine Grand Rounds, April 30, 1999.

• Fairfield, Kathleen M. et. al. "Patterns of use , expenditures, and perceived efficacy of complementary and alternative therapies in HIV-infected patients." Archives of Internal Medicine 1998 (158:9): 2257-2264.

• Young, James H. "AIDS and deceptive therapies." In AIDS and the Historian, pp. 101-108.

• Rosenberg, Charles E.. "What is an epidemic? AIDS in historical perspective." DAEDALUS 1989 (118:2): 1-17.

• Fee, Elizabeth; and Fox, Daniel M. AIDS: The Burdens of History. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. Chapters by Risse, Musto, Brandt, and the first article by Fox.

• Fox, Daniel M. "The politics of HIV infection: 1989-1990 as years of change." in AIDS: The Making of a Chronic Disease. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992. pp. 125-143.

5. AMERICAN ALTERNATIVE HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS

Specialty Teaching Faculty: Charles Bender, M.D.

Reading Assignment

• "Medical practice among physicians." in American Physicians in the Nineteenth Century. William G. Rothstein, pp. 41-62.

• Gevitz, Norman, ed. Other Healers: Unorthodox Medicine in America. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. Chps. 1-6, 8.

• Young, James H. American Health Quackery: Collected Essays. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992. Chp. 2, 6.

• Young, James H. "Device quackery in America." In Sickness and Health in America. Pp. 97-102, 1978 edition.

• Young, James H. "Patent medicines and the self-help syndrome." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 71-80, 1985 edition.

• Martin, Steven C. "The only truly scientific method of healing: Chiropractic and American science, 1895-1990." ISIS 1994 (85): 207-227.

• Shapiro, Alvin P. "Alternative medicine: Alternative to what?" Bulletin Allegheny County Medical Society 1998 (September, 26): 458-459.

• Eisenberg, David M. "Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies." Annals of Internal Medicine 1997 (127): 61-69.

• Gundling, Katherine E. "When did I become an 'Allopath"?" Archives of Internal Medicine 1998 (158): 2185-2186.

• Goodwin, James S.; and Tangum, Michael R. "Battling quackery: Attitudes about micronutrient supplements in American academic medicine." Archives of Internal Medicine 1998 (158): 2187-2191.