Syllabi:

HISTORY OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH CARE - 2000

INSTITUTION: University of Pittsburgh

COORDINATORS: Jonathon Erlen, Ph.D. 648-8927 email: erlen@pitt.edu; Thomas G. Benedek, M.D.

TIME: M.-W.-F. 11:00 a.m. - 12:15 a.m.

LOCATION: 216 Cathedral of Learning

COURSE OBJECTIVES

This course is an Honors College offering primarily,though not solely, intended for premed students. Beginning graduate students are also welcome to take this offering.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

All students receiving graduate or undergraduate credit are expected to attend all classes, read the appropriate sections in the 3 assigned textbooks, and to actively participate in class discussions. Each class session will run for 1 hour and 15 minutes. The final 15-minute discussion section following each lecture, while optional, is strongly recommended, as this is the time students will get the opportunity to interact with the faculty and express their own views on the topics presented earlier in the class, as well as raise any additional items of interest from their readings for that class session. This extra 15 minutes is mandatory following each videotape session to permit adequate discussion of the videotape. Students are also strongly encouraged to set up an appointment to see Dr. Erlen early during the semester to discuss their expectations of this course and to be sure that they fully understand the course's educational objectives and requirements. The recommended reading assignments in this syllabus for each session are optional, though students are strongly urged to read at least one of these optional readings for each session. There will be three examinations based on lectures and readings in the 3 assigned textbooks: the midterm on September 27 with both out of class essay and in-class examination is worth 20% of the course grade, an in-class examination on October 25 is worth 10% of the course grade, and a final examination with out of class essays and an in-house examination at 8:00 a.m., Tuesday, December 12, is worth 50% of the course grade. The remaining 20% of the course grade will be based on the students' book reviews. Undergraduate students are required to submit three book reviews, one apiece on the following dates: September 20, October 20, and November 22: while all graduate students are required to submit six book reviews, one apiece on the following dates: September 13, September 29, October 13, October 27, November 10, and December 1.

All book reviews must be between a minimum of two pages in length and a maximum of five pages in length and must be typed and double-spaced. One letter grade will be subtracted for each session a book review is turned in late. All books selected for review must be housed in the History of Medicine collection in the Falk Library unless otherwise approved in advance by Dr. Erlen, and it is strongly recommended that students consult one of the two course coordinators when making book selections. Book reviews on inappropriate books (juvenile, out of scope) will be rejected at the professors' discretion. In addition all graduate students will be required to complete a separate bibliographic project under the direction of Dr. Erlen. All recommended reading assignments are kept on reserve at the circulation desk at Falk Library of the Health Sciences. Students are required to attend the two 6:00 PM lectures sponsored by the C. F. Reynolds Medical History Society during the semester that are listed in this syllabus. Students may substitute an additional book review in place of attending these lectures if emergencies arise. Students with disabilities who require special testing accommodations or other classroom modifications should notify the instructor and the Office of Disability Resources and Services (DRS) no later than the 4th week of the term. Students may be asked to provide documentation of their disability to determine the appropriateness of the request. DRS is located in 216 William Pitt Union and can be contacted at 648-7890.

REQUIRED READINGS:

All students are required to purchase and read the following three texts for this course:

• Conrad, Lawrence I., et.al. The Western Medical Tradition: 800 BC to AD 1800. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  
• Duffy, JoFrom Humors to Medical Science: A History of American Medicine. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993.
  
• Rothman, David J., Marcus, Steven, and Kiceluk, Stephanie A., eds. Medicine and Western Civilization. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1995.
  

• Medical History on the Internet
  

• History of the Health Sciences World Wide Web Links National Library of Medicine
  

• History of Medicine Division
  

• National Library of Medicine: HISTLINE
  

• National Library of Medicine: NLM LOCATOR plus
  

• History of Science Society
  

• American Association for the History of Medicine
  

• American Osler Society
  

• Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine
  

• European Association for the History of Medicine and Health
  

• History Computerization Project
  

• Internet Resources in History
  

• History of Science/Science Studies Reference Sources
  

• WWW Virtual Library for the History of ScienceTechnology & Medicine
  

• Library of Congress: American Memory http://lcweb2.loc.gov/amhome.html
  

RECOMMENDED OPTIONAL READINGS:

August 28 Monday - Introduction

• Maulitz, Russell C. "Burn this book?" Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1997 (71): 112-119.

• King, L.S. "Of what use is medical history?" Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1977 (51): 107-116.

• Risse, G. R. "The role of medical history in the education of the 'humanist' physician: A re-evaluation." Journal of Medical Education 1975 (50): 458-465.

• Rosen, G. "A theory of medical historiography." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1940 (8): 655-665.

• "Historians strive to improve perspective, practice of medicine." JAMA 1985 (254: No. 19): 2713-2730.

• Rosenberg, Charles E. "The medical profession, medical practice, and the history of medicine." In Modern Methods in the History of Medicine. London: Athlane Press, 1971, pp. 22-35.

• Clarke, Edwin. "The history of scientific and social medicine." Modern Methods in the History of Medicine, pp. 194-210.

• Brieger, Gert. "The historiography of medicine." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 1, pp. 24-44.

• Gelfand, Toby. "The history of the medical profession." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 1119-1150.

• Joy, Robert J. T. "On writing medical history." Annals of Diagnostic Pathology 1997 (1): 130-137.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "The Bible." p. 11.

• Oppenheim, A. L. "Mesopotamian medicine." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1962 (36): 97-108.

• Moorad, P. J. "A comparative study of medicine among the ancient races of the East: Egypt, Babylonia, and Assyria." Annals of Medical History 1937, N.S., (9): 155-167.

• Majno, Guido. The Healing Hand. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975, ch. 1-3.

• Rothschild, Bruce M. "Advances in detecting disease in earlier human populations." In Skeletal Biology of Past Peoples: Research Methods, pp. 131-151.

• Lloyd, G.E.R. "The transformation of ancient medicine." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1992 (66): 114-132.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Hippocrates." pp. 43, 139, 261.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Aristotle." p. 79.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Plato." p. 48.

• Temkin, Oswei. "Greek medicine as science and craft." ISIS, 1953 (44): 213-225.

• Edelstein, L. "The Hippocratic physician." In Ancient Medicine. Selected papers of Ludwig Edelstein. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1967. pp. 87-110.

• King, L.S. "Plato's concepts of medicine." Journal of the History of Medicine 1954 (9): 38-48.

• Majno, Guido. "The Iatros." In The Healing Hand. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975, pp. 141-206.

• Horstmanshoff, H.F.J. "The ancient physician: Craftsman or scientist?" Journal of the History of Medicine 1990 (45): 176-197.

• Von Staden, Heinrich. "The discovery of the body: Human dissection and its cultural contents in ancient Greece." Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1992 (65): 223-241.

• Scarborough, John. "Classical antiquity: Medicine and allied sciences." Trends in History 1979 (2): 3-14.

• Nutton, Vivian. "The medical meeting place." in Ancient Medicine in Its Socio-Cultural Context. Atlanta: Rodopi, 1995. Volume 1, pp. 3-26.

• Pleket, H.W. "The social status of physicians in the Graeco-Roman world." in Ancient Medicine in Its Socio-Cultural Context. Atlanta: Rodopi, 1995. Volume 1, pp. 27-34.

• Longrigg, James. "Medicine and the Lyceum." in Ancient Medicine in Its Socio-Cultural Context. Atlanta: Rodopi, 1995. Volume 2, pp. 431-446.

• Nutton, Vivian. "What’s in an oath?" Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 1995, 29 (6): 518-524.

• Von Staden, Heinrich. "In a pure and holy way: Personal and professional conduct in the Hippocratic Oath?" Journal of the History of Medicine 1996 (51): 404-437.

• Scarborough, John. "Doctors and medicine: From Homer to Vesalius." Videotape housed in Falk Library, MMC (cannot be used for book review).

September 4 Monday Labor Day No Class

September 6 Wednesday - Alexandrian and Roman Medical Practices to Galen

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Galen." p.17.

• Gask, George, E. "Early medical schools III. The School of Alexandria." Annals of Medical History 1940, Series 3 (2): 383-392.

• Phillips, J. H. "The emergence of the Greek medical profession in the Roman republic." Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 1980 (4): 267-275.

• Majno, Guido. The Healing Hand. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975, ch. 8-9.

• Scarborough, John. "Galen redivivus: An essay review." Journal of the History of Medicine 1988 (43): 313-321.

• Spivak, Betty S. "A.C. Celsus: Roman medicus." Journal of the History of Medicine 1991 (46): 143-157.

• Riddle, John M. "Folk tradition and folk medicine: Recognition of drugs in classical antiquity." In Folklore and Folk Medicines. Madison, WI: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1987, pp. 33-61.

• Scarborough, John. "Roman medicine and public health." In Public Health, ed. by Teizo Ogawa, pp. 33-74.

• Nutton Vivian. "Humoralism." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 1, pp. 281-291.

• Nutton, Vivian. "Galen at the bedside: The methods of a medical detective." in Medicine and the Five Senses. pp. 7-16.

• Von Staden, Heinrich. "Anatomy as rhetoric: Galen on dissection and Persuasion." Journal of the History of Medicine 1995 (50): 47-66.

• Pelligrino, Edmund D.; and Pelligrino, Alice H. "Humanism and ethics in Roman medicine: Translation and commentary on a text of Scribonius Largus." in The Persisting Osler II. Malabar, Fl: Krieger Publishing Co. pp. 21-34.

• Gordon, Richard. "The healing event in Graeco-Roman folk-medicine." in Ancient Medicine in Its Socio- Cultural Context. Atlanta: Rodopi, 1995. Volume 2, pp. 363-376.

• Nutton, Vivian. "Healers in the medical market place: Toward a social history of Graeco-Roman medicine." in Andrew Wear, ed.Medicine in Society: Historical Essays. Pp. 15-58.

• Mattern, Susan P. "Physicians and the Roman imperial aristocracy: The patronage of therapeutics." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1999 (73): 1-18.

• Hamarneh, S. "The physician and the health professions in medieval Islam." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1971 (47): 1088-1110.

• Scarborough, John. "Introduction." Symposium on Byzantine Medicine. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library, 1985, pp. ix-xvi.

• Dols, Michael W. "The origins of the Islamic hospital: myth and reality." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1987(61): 367-390.

• Savage-Smith, E. "Gleanings from an Arabist's workshop. Current trends in the study of medieval Islamic science and medicine." ISIS 1988 (297): 246-272.

• Savage-Smith, Emilie. "Attitudes toward dissection in medieval Islam." Journal of the History of Medicine 1995 (50): 67-110.

• Conrad, Lawrence I. "Arab-Islamic medicine." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 1, pp. 676-727.

• Lloyd, Geoffrey E. R. "Galen on Hellenistics and Hippocrateans: Contemporary battles and past authorities." in Galen und das Hellenistische Erbe. 1993, pp. 125-143.

• Temkin, Owsei. Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973. Pp. 1-94.

• Dean-Jones, David E. "Galen on the Constitution of the Art of Medicine: Introduction, Translation and Commentary." Ph.D. thesis, 1993. Pp. 24-50.

• Lieber, Elinor. "Galen in Hebrew: The transmission of Galen’s works in the medieval Islamic world." in Galen: Problems and Prospects. Pp. 167-186.

• Wear, Andrew. "Galen in the Renaissance." in Galen: Problems and Prospects. Pp. 229-262.

   by Carey Balaban, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, Otolaryngology and Neurobiology

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Vesalius." p.54.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Baldasar Heseler." p. 61.

• Scarborough, John. "The classical background of the Vesalian revolution." Episteme 1968 (2):200-218.

• Edelstein, Ludwig. "Andreas Vesalius, the humanistic." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1943 (14): 547-561.

• Keele, Kenneth D. "Leonardo da Vinci's influence on Renaissance anatomy." Medical History 1964 (8): 360-370.

• French, Roger. "The anatomical tradition." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 1, pp. 81-101.

• Kemp, Martin. "The mark of truth: Looking and learning in some anatomical illustrations from the Renaissance." in Medicine and the Five Senses. pp. 85-121.

• Park, Katharine. "The life of the corpse: Division and dissection in late medieval Europe." Journal of the History of Medicine 1995 (50): 111-132.

September 15 Friday - The Plague's Impact on European Health Care and Society-History Channel Videotape

• Carmichael, A. G. "Plague legislation in the Italian Renaissance." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1983 (57): 508-525.

• Sloan, A. W. "Medical and social aspects of the Great Plague of London in 1665." South African Medical Journal 1973 (47): 270-276.

• Ziegler, Philip. "The plague in a Medieval village." In The Black Death, Pp. 202-223.

• Norris, John. "East or West? The geographic origin of the Black Death." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1977 (51): 1-24.

• Renouard, Yves. "The Black Death as a major event in world history." in The Black Death: A Turning Point in History? Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub., 1978, pp. 25-34.

September 18 Monday - Medieval Medicine and Health Care in Western Europe

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "St. Augustine." p. 145.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Jordan of Turre." p. 209.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Ulrich von Hutten." p. 212.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Arnald of Villanova." p. 269.

• Temkin, Oswei. "Medical education in the Middle Ages." Journal of Medical Education 1956 (31): 383-392

• Rosen, George. "The medieval hospital." In From Medical Police to Social Medicine. New York: Science History Publication, 1974, pp. 274-288.

• Scarborough, John. "Theophrastus on herbals and herbal remedies." Journal of the History of Biology 11 (2): 353-385, Fall, 1978.

• Minkowski, William L. "Women healers of the Middle Ages: Selected Aspects of their history." Journal of the American Public Health Association. 1992 (82): 288-295.

• Rubin, Stanley. "The problem of leprosy." In Medieval English Medicine, pp. 150-171.

• Amundsen, Darrel W. "Medieval canon law on medical and surgical practice by the clergy." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 52 (1978): 22-43.

• Riddle, John M. "Theory and practice in Medieval medicine." Viator 1974 (5): 157-184.

• Bylebyl, Jerome. "The manifest and the hidden in the Renaissance clinic." in Medicine and the Five Senses. pp. 40-60.

• McVaugh, Michael R. "Bedside manners in the Middle Ages." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1997 (71): 201-223.

• Park, Katharine. "Medicine and society in medieval Europe, 500-1500." in Andrew Wear, ed. Medicine in Society: Historical Essays. Pp. 59-90.

• Amundsen, Darrel W. "Medicine and faith in early Christianity." in Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Pp. 127-157.

• Galvao-Sobrinho, Carlos R. "Hippocratic ideals, medical ethics, and the practice of medicine in the early middle ages: The legacy of the Hippocratic Oath." Journal of the History of Medicine 1996 (51): 438-455.

• Garcia-Ballester, Luis. "Improving health: A challenge to European medieval Galenism." In Coping with Sickness: Perspectives on Health Care, Past and Present, Pp. 53-72.

• Rutten, Thomas. "Receptions of the Hippocratic Oath in the Renaissance: The prohibition of abortion as a case study in reception."Journal of the History of Medicine 1996 (51): 456-483.

September 19 Tuesday 6:00 p.m., Lecture Room #5, Scaife Hall "Did Pasteur Cheat? Does It Matter?"

September 20 Wednesday - Challenges to Galenism: Astrology, Iatrochemistry and Iatrophysics
   by Carey Balaban, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, Neurosciences

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Paracelsus." p. 23.

• Temkin, Oswei. Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1973. Pp. 95-192.

• Dick, H. G. "A survey of astrological medicine in the age of science." Journal of the History of. Medicine 1946 (1): 300-315, 419-433.

• Pagel, W. ""Van Helmont's concept of disease - to be or not to be? The influence of Paracelsus." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1972 (46): 419-454.

• Hall, T. R. "Descartes' physiological method: Position, principle, examples." Journal of the History of Biology, 1970 (3): 53-79.

• King, Lester S. The Road to Medical Enlightenment 1650-1695. London: Macdonald, 1970, pp. 15-92.

• Webster, Charles. "Paracelsus: Medicine as popular protest." in Medicine and the Reformation. pp. 57-77.

• Siraisi, Nancy G. "Some current trends in the study of Renaissance medicine." Renaissance Quarterly, 1984 (37): 585-600.

• O'Neill, Ynez V. "Giovanni Michele Savonarola: An Atypical Renaissance Practitioner." Clio Medica 1975 (10): 77-93.

• Moran, Bruce T. "A survey of chemical medicine in the 17th century: Spanning court, classroom, and cultures." Pharmacy in History 1996 (38): 121-133.

• Debus, Allen G. "Paracelsianism and the diffusion of the chemical philosophy in early modern Europe." In Paracelsus: The Man and His Reputation His Ideas and Their Transformation, Pp. 225-244.

• Cunningham, Andrew. "Paracelsus fat and thin: Thoughts on reputations and realities." In Paracelsus: The Man and his Reputation His Ideas and Their Transformation, Pp. 53-78.

September 22 Friday - Harvey and the Beginnings of Scientific Physiology

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "William Harvey." p. 68.

• Kilgour, F. G. "William Harvey's use of the quantitative method." Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 26: 410-421, 1954.

• O'Malley, Charles D. "The evolution of physiology." Journal of the International College of Surgeons 1958 (3): 115-129.

• Bylebyl, Jerome L. "William Harvey, a conventional medical revolutionary." JAMA 1978 (23): 1295-1298.

• Cohen, I. Bernard. Revolution in Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985, pp. 176-194.

• Bates, Don G. "Harvey's account of his discovery." Medical History 1992 (36): 361-378.

September 25 Monday - The Origins of Medical Instrumentation
   by Carey Balaban, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, Neurosciences

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Rene Laennec." p. 310.

• Clendening, L. "The history of certain medical instruments." Annals Internal Medicine 1930 (4): 176-189.

• Davis, Audrey B. "Introduction." and "Conclusion." In Medicine and Its Technology: An Introduction to the History of Medical Instrumentation. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981, pp. 3-41; 233-243.

• Duffin, Jacalyn M. "The cardiology of R.T.H. Laennec." Medical History 1989 (33): 42-71.

• Reiser, Stanley J. "The machine at the bedside: Technological transformations of practices and values" in The Machine at the Bedside: Strategies for Using Technology in Patient Care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984, pp. 3-19.

• Grouse, Lawrence D. "Has the machine become the physician?" JAMA Oct. 14, 1983 (250): 1981.

• Bracegirdle, Brian. "The microscopical tradition." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 1, pp. 102-119.

  Reiser, Stanley J. "The science of diagnosis: diagnostic technology." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 826-851.

September 27 Wednesday

FIRST MIDTERM EXAMINATION

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Edward Jenner." p. 299.

• McDaniel, W. B. "A view of 19th century medical historiography in the United States of America." Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 33: 415-435, 1959.

• Bell, Whitfield J., Jr. "A portrait of the colonial physician." In Sickness and Health in America. Pp. 41-53, 1978 edition.

• Blake, John B. "The medical profession and public health in colonial Boston." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1952 (26): 218-230.

• Blake, John B. "The inoculation controversy in Boston, 1721-1722." In Sickness and Health in America. Pp. 347-355. 1985 edition.

• Brown, Richard D. "The healing arts in Colonial and Revolutionary Massachusetts: The context for scientific medicine." In Medicine in Colonial Massachusetts 1620-1820. Boston: Colonial Society of Massachusetts, 1978, pp. 35-47.

• Duffy, John. From Humors to Medical Science. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979, pp. 1-47.

• Cook, Sherburne F. "the significance of disease in the extinction of the New England Indians." In Biological Consequences of the European Expansion, 1450-1800, Pp. 251-274.

• Duffy, John. "Smallpox and the Indians in the American colonies." In Biological Consequences of the European Expansion, 1450-1800, Pp. 233-250.

• Putman, Darrett B. "Of augue and fevers: Malaria in the early Chesapeake." In Biological Consequences of the European Expansion, 1450-1800, Pp. 203-232.

• Gevitz, Norman. "'The Devil hath laughed at the physicians': Witchcraft and medical practice in seventeenth-century New England." Journal of the History of Medicine 2000 (55): 5-36.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Benjamin Rush." p. 278.

• Pernick, Martin S. "Politics, parties and pestilence: Epidemic Yellow Fever in Philadelphia and the rise of the first party system." In Sickness and Health in America. Pp. 356-371. 1985 edition.

• Owen, William O. "The legislative and administrative history of the medical department of the United States Army during the revolutionary period (1776-1786)." Annals of Medical History 1917 (1):198-216, 261-280, 342-367.

• Shryock, Richard H. "The medical reputation of Benjamin Rush: Contrasts over two centuries." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1971 (45): 507-552.

• Duffy, John. From Humors to Medical Science, pp. 48-79.

• Warner, John H. "Science, healing and the physician's identity: A problem of professional charter in nineteenth-century America." Clio Medica 1991 (22): 65-88.

• Haakonssen, Lisabeth. "Benjamin Rush: Medical Ethics for a New Republic." in Medicine and Morals in the Enlightenment, pp. 187-225.

• Duffy, John. From Humors to Medical Science, pp. 120-129.

• Horine, E.F. "Early medicine in Kentucky and the Mississippi Valley: A tribute to Daniel Drake." Journal of the History of Medicine 1948 (3): 263-278.

• Horine, E.F. "The stagesetting for Ephraim McDowell, 1771-1830. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1950 (240): 149-160.

• Pratt, J.H. "Ephraim McDowell: The first five of ovariotomy, 1809-1818." Mayo Clinical Proceedings 1977 (52): 125-128.

• Evans, A.S. "Austin Flint and his contributions to medicine." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1958 (32): 224-241.

• Leavitt, Judith W. "`A worrying profession': The domestic environment of medical practice in mid-nineteenth century America." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1995 (69): 1-29.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Ignaz Semmelweis." p. 240.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Frances Burney." p. 383.

• Medicine and Western Civilization "James Young Simpson." p. 398.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Joseph Lister." p. 247.

• Lawrence, Ghislaine. "Surgery (traditional)." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 961-983.

• Trohler, Ulrich. "Surgery (modern)." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 984-1028.

• Smith, Dale C. "The evolution of moden surgery: A brief overview." in A History of Neurosurgery. pp. 11-26.

• Trent, J.C. "Surgical anesthesia, 1846-1946." Journal of the History of Medicine 1946 (1): 505-514.

• Hamilton, D. "The nineteenth century surgical revolution - antisepsis or better nutrition?" Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1982 (56): 30-40.

• Maluf, N.S. "History of blood transfusions." Journal of the History of Medicine 1954 (9): 59-107.

• Pernick, Martin S. "The calculus of suffering in 19th-century surgery." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 98-112, 1985 edition.

• Brieger, Gert H. "A portrait of surgery. Surgery in America, 1875-1889." Surgical Clinics of North America 1987 (67): 1181-1216.

• Gariepy, Thomas P. "The introduction and acceptance of Listerian antisepsis in the United States." Journal of the History of Medicine 1994 (49): 167-206.

• Haller, John S. "A short history of the quack's materia medica." New York State Medical Journal. 1989 (89): 520-525.

• Duffy, John. "Quackery in early Pittsburgh." Bulletin of the Allegheny County Medical Society 1962 (51): 607-610.

• Matthews, L.G. "Licensed mountebanks in Britain." Journal of the History of Medicine 1964 (19): 30-45.

• Young, James H. "Patent medicines and the self-help syndrome." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 71-80, 1985 edition.

• Young, James H. "Device quackery in America." In Sickness and Health in America. Pp. 97-102, 1978 edition.

• Young, James H. "Public policy and drug innovation." Pharmacy in History 1982 (24):3-31.

• Young, James H. "AIDS and deceptive therapies." In AIDS and the Historian, pp. 101-108.

• Young, James H. "Why quackery persists." in Barrett, Stephen; and Jarvis, William T., eds. The Health Robbers: Close Look at Quackery in America. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1993. pp. 457-464.

• Young, James H. "Health fraud: A hardy perennial." In Health Care Policy in Contemporary America, Pp. 117-140.

• Duffy, John. "Medicine in the Civil War." In From Humors to Medical Science, pp. 151-166.

• Duffy, John. "Medical practice in the ante-bellum South." Journal of Southern History 1959 (225): 53-72.

• Warner, John H. "The idea of Southern medical distinctiveness: Medical knowledge and practice in the Old South." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 53-70, 1985 edition.

• Savitt, Todd L. "Black health on the plantation: Masters, slaves, and physicians." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 313-330, 1985 edition.

• Stowe, Stephen M. "Obstetrics and the work of doctoring in the mid-nineteenth century American South." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1990 (64): 540-566.

• Patterson, K. David. "Disease environments of the antebellum South." In Science and Medicine in the Old South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989, pp. 152-165.

• Breeden, James O. "A medical history of the later stages of the Atlanta campaign." Journal of Southern History 1969 (35): 31-59.

• Freemont, Frank R. "The first career of William Alexander Hammond." Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 1996 (5): 282-287.

• Flannery, Michael A. "Another house divided: Union medical service and sectarians during the Civil War." Journal of the History of Medicine 1999 (54): 478-510.

October 13 Friday - Sectarian Medical Movements in 19th and 20th Century America

• Keeney, Elizabeth B., Lederer, Susan E., and Minihan, Edmond P. "Sectarians and scientists: Alternatives to Orthodox medicine." In Wisconsin Medicine: Historical Perspectives. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1981. Pp. 47-74.

• Rothstein, William G. "The botanical movements and orthodox medicine." In Norman Gevitz, ed. Other Healers. Pp. 29-51.

• Kaufman, Martin. "Homeopathy in America: The rise and fall and persistence of a medical heresy." In Norman Gevitz, ed. Other Healers. pp. 29-51.

• Gevitz, Norman. "Osteopathic medicine: From deviance to difference." In Norman Gevitz, ed. Other Healers. Pp. 124-156.

• Rogers, Naomi. "Women and sectarian medicine." In Women, Health, and Medicine in America, pp. 281-310.

• Martin, Steven C. "The only truly scientific method of healing: Chiropractic and American science, 1895- 1990." ISIS 1994 (85): 207-227.

• Wittern, Renate. "The origins of homeopathy in Germany." Clio Medica, 1991 (22): 51-63.

• Eisenberg, David M. "Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies." Annals of Internal Medicine, 1997 (127): 61-69.

October 16 Monday - Folk Medicine, Domestic Medicine, Health Fads, and Faith Healing in American History

• Whorton, James C. "Patient, heal thyself: Popular health reform movements as unorthodox medicine." In Norman Gevitz, ed. Other Healers. pp. 52-81.

• Cayleff, Susan E. "Gender, ideology, and the water-cure movement." In Norman Gevitz, ed. Other Healers. Pp. 82-98.

• Schoepflin, Rennie B. "Christian Science healing in America." In Norman Gevitz, ed. Other Healers. Pp. 192-214.

• Numbers, Ronald L. "Do-it-yourself the Sectarian way." in Sickness and Health in America. Pp. 87-96, 1978 edition.

• Butler, Jonathan M.; and Schoepflin, Rennie B. "Charismatic women and health: Mary Baker Eddy, Ellen G. White, and Aimee Semple McPherson." In Women, Health, and Medicine in America, pp. 337-365.

• Whorton, James C. Crusaders for Fitness: The History of American Health Reformers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982, pp. 331-349.

• Gevitz, Norman. "Unorthodox medical theories." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 1, pp. 603-633.

• Gevitz, Norman. "`But all the authors are foreigners': American literary nationalism and domestic medical guides." in Roy Porter, ed. The Popularization of Medicine 1650-1850. London: Routledge, 1992. pp. 232- 251.

• Greenblatt, Samuel H. "Phrenology in the science and culture of the 19th century." Neurosurgery 1995 (37): 790-805.

October 18 Wednesday - European Origins of Public Health-videotape by James Burke

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Louis Pasteur." p. 253.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Robert Kock." p. 319.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Claude Bernard." p. 314.

• Pelling, Margaret. "Contagion/germ theory/specificity." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 1, pp. 309-334.

• Pasteur, L. "Address to the germ theory." Lancet 1881 (2): 271-272.

• Richmond, P.A. "American attitudes toward the germ theory of disease (1860-1880)." Journal of the History of Medicine 1954 (9): 428-454.

• Billings, J.S. "Ten years experience with diphtheria antitoxins." N.Y. Medical Journal. 1905 (82): 1310-1312.

• Cassedy, James H. "The flamboyant Colonel Waring: An anticontagionist holds the American stage in the age of Pasteur and Koch." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 451-458, 1985 edition.

• Tomes, Nancy J. "American attitudes toward the germ theory of disease: Phyllis Allen Richmond revisited." Journal of the History of Medicine 1997 (52): 17-50.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Florence Nightingale." p. 360.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Massachusetts General Hospital." p. 365.

• Rosenberg, Charles E. "Social class and medical care in nineteenth century America: The rise and fall of the dispensary." In Sickness and Health in America. Pp. 273-286, 1985 edition.

• Rosenberg, Charles E. "The origins of the American hospital system." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1979 (55): 10-21.

• Light, Donald W. "Corporate medicine for profit." Scientific American 55 (6): 38-54, 1986.

• Rothman, David J. "The hospital as caretaker: The Almshouse past and the intensive care future." Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 1990 (12): 151-174.

• Rosenberg, Charles E. "Looking backward, thinking forward: The roots of the hospital crisis." Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 1990 (12): 119-126.

• Risse, Guenter B. and John H. Warner. "Reconstructing clinical activities: patient records in medical history." Social History of Medicine 1992 (5): 183-205.

• Granshaw, Lindsay. "The hospital." in Companion Encyclopediaof the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 1180-1203.

• Reynolds, P. Preston. "The federal government’s use of Title VI and Medicare to racially integrate hospitals in the United States, 1963-1967." American Journal of Public Health, 1997 (87): 1850-1858.

• Speaker, Susan L. "From happiness pills to national nightmare: Changing cultural assesment of minor tranquilers in America, 1955-1980." Journal of the History of Medicine 1997 (52): 338-376.

• Courtwright, David T. "Opiate addiction as a consequence of the Civil War." Civil War History 1978 (24): 101-111.

• Courtwright, David T. "The hidden epidemic: Opiate addiction and cocaine use in the South, 1860-1920." Journal of Southern History 1983 (49): 57-72.

• Musto, David F. "Evolution of American attitudes toward substance abuse." Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1989 (562): 3-7.

• Musto, David F. "Illicit price of cocaine in two eras: 1908-1914 and 1982-89." Connecticut Medicine 1990 (54): 321-326.

• Musto, David F. "Iatrogenic addiction: The problem, its definition and history." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1985 (61): 694-705.

• Acker, Caroline J. "From all purpose anodyne to marker of deviance: Physicians’ attitudes towards opiates in the US from 1890 to 1940." in Drugs and Narcotics in History pp. 114-132.

• Ulrich, R. F.; Patten, B. M. "The rise, decline, and fall of LSD." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 1991 (34): 561-578.

October 25 Friday

SECOND EXAMINATION

• Waite, Frederick C. "Birth of the first independent proprietary medical school in New England, at Castleton, Vermont, in 1818." Annals of Medical History 7, N.S., (1935): 242-252.

• Rosner, Lisa. "Thistle on the Delaware: Edinburgh medical education and Philadelphia practice, 1800-1825." Social History of Medicine 1992 (5): 19-42.

• Lawrence, Susan. "Medical education." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 1151-1179.

• Duffy, John. From Humors to Medical Science. pp . 130-150, 203-213, 275-283.

• Hudson, Robert P. "Abraham Flexner in perspective: American medical education, 1865-1910." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 148-160. 1985 edition.

• Atwater, Edward C. "Touching the patient: The teaching of internal medicine." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 129-147, 1985 edition.

• Ludmerer, Kenneth D. "Modern medical education in the United States." In Learning to Heal. New York: Basic Books, 1985, pp. 255-280.

• Jarcho, Saul. "Medical education in the United States: 1910-1956." Journal of Mt. Sinai Hospital 26 (1959): 339-385.

• Baldwin, DeWitt C., Jr. "The medical curriculum: Developments and directions." in Beyond Flexner: Medical Education in the Twentieth Century, pp. 141-155.

• Davis, Clark. "Called by God, led by men: women face the masculinization of American medicine at the College of Medical Evangelists, 1909-1922." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1993 (67): 119-148.

November 1 Wednesday - Evolution of American Medical Education, Pt. III

• Baldwin, DeWitt C., Jr. "The medical curriculum: Developments and directions." in Beyond Flexner: Medical Education in the Twentieth Century, pp. 141-155.

• DeVille, Kenneth. "Defending diversity: Affirmative action and medical education." American Journal of Public Health 1999 (89): 1256-1261.

• Ludmerer, Kenneth M. Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp. 221-399.

November 8 Thursday, 6:00 p.m., Lecture Room #5, Scaife Hall
   "2 Centuries of Medical Management of the Human Voice."
   Steven M. Zeitels, M.D., Otology and Laryngology, Harvard Medical School

November 3 Friday - The Issue of Birth Control in American History

• Gordon, Linda. "The politics of birth control, 1920-1940: The impact of professionals." In Elizabeth Fee, ed., Women and Health, pp. 151-175.

• Yates, Wilson. "Birth control literature and the medical profession in nineteenth century America." Journal of the History of Medicine 1976 (31): 42-54.

• Johnson, R.C. "Feminism, philanthropy and science in the development of the oral contraceptive pill." Pharmacy in History 1977 (19): 63-78.

• Sauer, R. "Attitudes to abortion in America, 1800-1973." Population Studies 1974 (28): 53-67.

• Wardell, Dorothy. "Margaret Sanger: Birth control's successful revolutionary." American Journal of Public Health 1980 (70): 736-742.

• Mariner, Wendy K. "The Supreme Court, abortion, and the jurisprudence of class." American Journal of Public Health 1992 (82): 1156-1162.

• Reed, James W. "The birth-control movement before Roe v Wade." in The Politics of Abortion and Birth Control in Historical Perspective. ed. Donald T. Critchlow. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Univeristy Press, 1996. Pp. 22-52.

• Neushul, Peter. "Marie C. Stopes and the popularization of birth control technology."

• Bosanquet, Nick. "Health economics: finance, budgeting, and insurance." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 1373-1390.

• Numbers, Ronald L. "Third party: Health insurance in America." in Sickness and Health in America. pp. 233-247. 1985 edition.

• Schwartz, Jerome. "Early history of prepaid medical care plans." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1965 (39): 450-475.

• Kunitz, Stephen J. "Efficiency and reform in the financing and organization of early twentieth century American medicine." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1981 (55): 497-515.

• Poen, Monte M. "The Truman legacy: Retreat to Medicare." in Compulsory Health Insurance: The Continuing American Debate. pp. 97-114.

• Starr, Paul. "Transformation in defeat: The changing objectives of national health insurance, 1915-1980." in Compulsory Health Insurance: The Continuing American Debate. pp. 115-144.

• Marmor, Theodore R.; and Mashaw, Jerry L. "Canada's health insurance and ours: The real lessons, the big choices." in The Sociology of Health & Illness: Critical Perspectives. 4th ed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1994. pp. 470-480.

• Waitzkin, Howard. "The strange career of managed competition: From military failure to medical success? "American Journal of Public Health 1994, (84): 482-494.

• Grey, Michael R. "The medical care programs of the Farm Security Administration, 1932-1947: A rehearsal for national health insurance? American Journal of Public Health 1994 (84): 1678-1687.

• Feingold, Eugene. "The defeat of health care reform: Misplaced mistrust in government." American Journal of Public Health 1995 (85): 1619-1622.

• Sepkowitz, K. a. "Tuberculosis and the health care worker: a historical perspective." Annals of Internal Medicine 1994 (120): 71-79.

• McBride, David. "Tuberculosis in African-American and minority populations: historical epidemiology of a nonclassic contagious process." Journal of the Association of Academic Minority Physicians 1994 (5): 11-15.

• Bates, J. H., et.al. "The history of tuberculosis as a global epidemic." Medical Clinics of North America 1993 (77:6): 1205-1217.

• Lerner, Barron. "New York City’s tuberculosis control efforts: the historical limitations of the war on consumption." American Journal of Public Health 1993 (83): 758-766.

• Bloom, B. R.; Murray, C. J. "Tuberculosis: commentary on a reemergent killer." Science 1992 (257): 1055-1064.

• Robbins, J. M. "Class struggles in the tubercular world: nurses, patients, and physicians, 1903-1915." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1997 (71): 412-434.

• Abel, E. K. "Taking the cure to the poor: patients’ responses to New York City’s tuberculosis program, 1894-1918." American Journal of Public Health 1997 (87): 1808-1815.

• Lerner, Barron. "From careless consumptives to recalcitrant patients: the historical construction of noncompliance." Social Science and Medicine 1997 (45): 1423-1431.

• Fairchild, Amy L. "Public health nihilism vs pragmatism: History, Politics, and the control of tuberculosis." American Journal of Public Health 1998 (7): 1105-1117.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Edwin Chadwick." p. 217.

• Fox, Daniel M. "Medical institutions and the state." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 1204-1230.

• Duffy, John. "Social impact of disease in the late 19th century." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 414-421, 1985 edition.

• Blake, John B. "The origins of public health in the United States." American Journal of Public Health 1948 (38): 1539-1550.

• Rosenberg, Charles E. "The cause of cholera: aspects of etiological thought in 19th century America." In Sickness and Health in America, Pp. 257-272, 1978 edition.

• Kramer, Howard. "Early municipal and state boards of health." Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 1950 (24): 503-529.

• Tesh, Sylvia. "Political ideology and public health in the 19th century." International Journal of Health Services. 1982 (12): 321-243.

• Tomes, Nancy. "The private side of public health: Sanitary science, domestic hygiene, and the germ theory, 1870-1900." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1990 (64): 509-539.

• Duffy, John. "Hogs, dogs, and dirt: Public health in early Pittsburgh." Pittsburgh Magazine of History and Biography 1963 (87): 294-305.

• Ellis, John. "Business and public health in the urban South during the Nineteenth Century: New Orleans, Memphis, and Atlanta." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1970 (44): 197-212.

• Hansen, Bert. "The image and advocacy of public health in American caricatures and cartoons." American Journal of Public Health, 1997 (87): 1798-1807.

• Parmet, Wendy E. "From slaughter-house to Lochner: The rise and fall of the constitutionalization of public health." American Journal of Legal History 1996 40): 476-505.

• Young, James Harvey. "'This greasy counterfeit': Butter versus oleomargarine in the United States Congress, 1886." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1979 (53): 392-414.

• Rosner, David. "Health care for the 'truly needy': 19th century origins of the concept." Milbank Quarterly 1982, (60): 355-385.

• Fee, Elizabeth; and Acheson, Roy M., eds. A History of Education in Public Health: Health that Mocks the Doctors' Rules. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991. pp. 15-43.

• Porter, Dorothy. "Public health." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 1231-1261.

• Wilkinson, Lise. "Epidemiology." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 1262- 1282.

• Fox, Daniel M. "Social policy and city politics." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 415-431, 1978 edition.

• Courtwright, David T. "Public health and public wealth: Social costs as a basis for restrictive policies." Milbank Quarterly, 1980 (58): 268-282.

• Williams, Greer. "Schools of public health--their doing and undoing." Milbank Quarterly, 1976 (54): 480-525.

• Berliner, Howard S. "Whither public health?" Health Policy and Education, 1980 (1): 177-186.

• Duffy, John. "The American medical profession and public health: From support to ambivalence." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1979 (53): 1-22.

• Mullan, Fitzhugh. "Don Quixote, Machiavelli, and Robin Hood: Public health practice, past and present." American Journal of Public Health, 2000, 90(5): 702-706.

• Brandt, Allan M.; Gardner, Martha. "Antagonism and accommodation: Interpreting the relationship between public health and medicine in the United States during the 20th century." American Journal of Public Health, 2000, 90(5): 707-715.

• Baker, Jeffrey P. "Immunization and the American way: 4 childhood vaccines." American Journal of Public Health 2000 (90): 199-207.

• Tomes, Nancy. :The making of a germ panic, then and now." American Journal of Public Health 2000 (90): 191-198

• Maggs, Christopher. "A general history of nursing: 1800-1900." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 1309-1328.

• Helmstadter, Carol. "Robert Bentley Todd, Saint John's House, and the origins of the modern trained nurse." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1993 (67): 282-319.

• Bullough, Vern L., and Bullough, Bonnie. "The origins of modern American nursing: The Civil War era." Nursing Forum 1963 (2): 13-27.

• Kalisch, Philip A.; and Kalisch, Beatrice J. The Advance of American Nursing. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1986. Pp. 1-53.

• Baer, Ellen D. "Nurses." in Women, Health, and Medicine in America, pp. 459-476.

• D'Antonio, Patricia O. "The legacy of domesticity: nursing in early nineteenth-century America." Nursing History Review 1993 (1): 229-246.

• Buhler-Wilkerson, Karen. "Bringing care to the people: Lillian Wald’s legacy to public health nursing."

• American Journal of Public Health 1993, 83 (12): 1778-1786.

• Sarnecky, Mary T. "Nuring in the American army from the Revolution to the Spanish-American War." Nursing History Review 1997 (5): 49-69.

• Reverby, Susan. "'Neither for the drawing room nor for the kitchen': Private duty nursing in Boston, 1873-1920." In Women and Health in America: Historical Readings 2nd ed. Judith W. Leavitt, ed. Pp. 460-474.

• Melosh, Barbara. "More than 'the physician's hand': Skill and authority in twentieth-century nursing." In Women and Health in America. Pp. 482-496.

• Sandelowski, Margarete. "Making the best of things: Technology in American nursing, 1870-1940." Nursing History Review 1997 (5): 3-22.

• Wagner, David. "The proletarianization of nursing in the United States, 1932-1946." International Journal of Health Services 1980 (10): 271-290.

• Cannings, Kathleen, et al. "The development of the nursing labor force in the U.S.: A basic analysis." International Journal of Health Services 1975 (5): 185-216.

• Reverby, Susan "The search for the hospital yardstick: Nursing and the rationalization of hospital work." In Sickness and Health in America, pp. 206-218, 1985 edition.

• Leighow, Susan R. "Backrubs vs. Bach: Nursing and the entry-into-practice debate, 1946-1986." Nursing History Review 1996 (4): 3-17.

• Fairman, Julie. "Alternative visions: The nurse-technology relationships in the context of the history of techology." In Nursing History Review 1998 (6): 129-146.

• Hine, Darlene C. "'They shall mount up with wings as eagles': Historical images of Black nurses, 1890-1950." In Women and Health in America: Historical Readings 2nd ed. Judith W. Leavitt, ed. Pp. 475-488.

• Hudson, Robert P. "The biography of disease: Lessons from chlorosis." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1977 (51): 448-463.

• Risse, Guenter B. "A long pull, a strong pull, and all together: San Francisco and bubonic plague, 1907-1908." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1992 (66): 260-286.

• Etheridge, Elizabeth W. "Pellagra: An unappreciated reminder of Southern distinctiveness." In Disease and Distinctiveness in the American South. pp. 100-119.

• Savitt, T.L., Goldberg, M.F.,: "Herrick's 1910 case report of sickle cell anemia." JAMA 1989 (261): 266- 271.

• Carter, K.C. "The germ theory, beri beri, and the deficiency theory of disease." Medical History 1977 (21): 119-136.

• Hudson, Robert P. "How diseases birth and die." Transactions and Studies of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia 1977 (45): 18-27.

• Cassell, Eric J. "Ideas in conflict: The rise and fall (and rise and fall) of new views of disease." In Daedalus, 1986 (115, no. 2): 19-41.

• Rosenberg, Charles E. "Disease and social order in America: Perspectives and expectations." AIDS: The Burden of History. pp. 12-32.

• Rosenberg, Charles E. "Disease in history: Frames and framers." The Milbank Quarterly, 1989 (67, Supplement 1): 1-15.

• White, Kenneth A. "Pittsburgh in the great epidemic of 1918." Western Pennsylvania Historical Magazine, 1985 (68): 221-242.

• Kaplan, Martin M.; and Robert G. Webster. "The epidemiology of influenza." Scientific American, 1977 (237): 88-106.

• Kingsley, M. Stevens. "The pathophysiology of influenzal pneumonia in 1918." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1918 (25): 115-125.

• Katz, R. S. "Influenza 1918-1919: a study in mortality." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1974 (48): 416-422.

• Katz, R. S. "Influenza 1918-1919: a further study in mortality." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1977 (51): 617-619.

• Walters, J. H. "Influenza 1918: the contemporary perspective." Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 1978 (54): 855-864.

• Weinstein, L. "Editorial: Influenza-1918, a revisit?" New England Journal of Medicine, 1976 (294): 1058-1060.

• Starr, I. "Influenza in 1918: recollections of the epidemic in Philadelphia." Annals of Internal Medicine, 1976 (85): 516-518.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Paul Monette." p. 426.

• Fee, Elizabeth; and Krieger, Nancy. "Understanding AIDS: Historical interpretations and the limits of biomedical individualism." American Journal of Public Health 1993 (83): 1477-1486.

• Brandt, Allan M. "Sexually transmitted diseases." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 1, pp. 562-584.

• Valdiserri, Ronald O. "Epidemics in perspective." Journal of Medical Humanities and Bioethics 1987 (8): 95-100.

• Fox, Daniel M. "AIDS and the American health polity: the history and prospects of a crisis of authority." Milbank Quarterly 1986 (64: suppl. 1): 7-33.

• Rosenberg, Charles E. "What is an epidemic? AIDS in historical perspective." Daedalus 1989 (118): 1-17.

• Risse, Guenter B. "Epidemics and history: ecological perspectives and social responses." In AIDS: The Burdens of History, pp. 33-66.

• Musto, David. "Quarantine and the problems of AIDS." In AIDS: The Burdens of History, pp. 67-85.

• Fox, Daniel M. "The politics of physicians' responsibility in epidemics: A note on history." In AIDS: The Burdens of History, pp. 86-96.

• Brandt, Allan M. "AIDS: From social history to social policy." In AIDS: The Burdens of History, pp. 147-171.

• Bayer, Ronald. "AIDS prevention and cultural sensitivity: Are they compatible? American Journal of Public Health 1994 (84): 895-898.

• Gamble, Vanessa N. "Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care." American Journal of Public Health, 1997 (87): 1173-1178.

• Proctor, Robert N. "The Nazi war on tobacco: Ideology, evidence, and possible cancer-consequences." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 1997 (71): 435-488.

• Patterson, James T. The Dread Disease: Cancer and Modern American Culture. Ch. 8: "Smoking and cancer." pp. 201-229.

• Brandt, Allan M. "The cigarette risk and American culture." in Readings in American Health Care, 1995: pp. 138-149.

• The Cigarette Papers, Ch. 11: "Where do we go from here?" 1996. pp. 436-442.

• Berlin, Nathaniel I. "The conquest of cancer." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1979 (22): 500-518.

• Cassileth, Barrie R. "The evolution of oncology." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1983 (26): 362-374.

• Garfield, Lawrence. "Asbestos: historical perspective." CA-A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 1984 (34): 44-47.

• Sharpe, William D. "The New Jersey radium dial painters: a classic in occupational carcinogenesis." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1979 (52): 560-570.

• Shimkin, Michael B.; and Wictor A. Triolo. "History of chemical carcinogenesis: some prospective remarks." Progress in Experimental Tumor Research, 1969 (11): 1-20.

• Fisher, Bernard; and Mark C. Gebhardt. "The evolution of breast cancer surgery: past, present, and future." Seminars in Oncology, 1978 (5): 385-394.

• Fishbein, Morris. "History of cancer quackery." Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1965 (8): 139-166.

• Young, James Harvey. "Laetrile in historical perspective." in Politics, Science, and Cancer: The Laetrile Phenomenon. 1980. pp. 11-60.

• Young, James Harvey. "The Koch cancer treatment." Journal of the History of Medicine 1998 (53): 254-284.

• Shorter, Edward. "The history of the doctor-patient relationship." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 783-800.

• Burnham, John C. "American medicine's Golden Age: What happened to it?" in Sickness & Health in America, pp. 248-258, 1985 edition.

• Mohr, James C. "American medical malpractice litigation in historical perspective." JAMA, 2000 (283): 1731-1737.

• Starr, Paul. The Social Transformation of American Medicine, pp. 420-449.

• Rothman, David J. Strangers at the Bedside, pp. 247-262.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Hippocrates." p. 261

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "The Bible." p. 263

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Asa Juddaeus." p. 267.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Human Experimentation Congressional Hearings." p. 330.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Pius XII." p. 417.

• Medicine and Western Civilization. "Definition of Irreversible Coma-Harvard Medical School." p. 421.

• Baker, Robert. "The history of medical ethics." in Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine. v. 2, pp. 854-887.

• Benedek, Thomas G. "The 'Tuskegee Study' of syphilis: Analysis of moral versus methodologic aspects." Journal of Chronic Diseases 1978 (31): 35-50.

• Rothman, David J. "Were Tuskegee and Willowbrook 'studies in nature'?" Hasting Center Report 1982 (12:2): 5-7.

• Gamble, Vanessa N. "Under the shadow of Tuskegee: African Americans and health care." American Journal of Public Health, 1997 (87): 1173-1178.

• Howard-Jones, Norman. "Human experimentation in historical and ethical perspectives." Social Science and Medicine 1982 16: 1429-1448.

• Pernick, Martin S. "Eugenics and public health in American history." American Journal of Public Health, 1997 (87): 1767-1772.

• Faden, Ruth R.; and Beauchamp, Tom L. A History and Theory of Informed Consent. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986, pp. 53-100.

• Brandt, Allan M. "Polio, politics, publicity, and duplicity: ethical aspects in the development of the Salk Vaccine." Connecticut Medicine 1979 (43): 581-590.

• Beecher, Henry K. "Ethics and clinical research." New England Journal of Medicine 1966 (274): 1354-1360.

• Rothman, David J. "Ethics and human experimentation." New England Journal of Medicine 1987 (317): 1195-1199.

• Smith, Dale C. "The Hippocratic Oath and modern medicine." Journal of the History of Medicine 1996 (51): 484-500.

• Mohr, James C. "American medical malpractice litigation in historical perspective." JAMA 2000 (283): 1731-1737.

No readings